See:carbonado
a. Heavy, colorless; irrespirable gas; CO2 ; it extinguishes a
flame. It is formed in mine explosions and in mine fires and forms part of
the afterdamp.
b. Product of complete combustion of carbon fuels. Transported in liquid
form in steel cylinders. Used in gaseous form as a fire extinguisher and
in solid form as dry ice. Crispin
A method of blasting coal that has been undercut, topcut, or sheared. Into
one end of a seamless high-grade molybdenum-steel cylinder 2 to 3 in (5.08
to 7.62 cm) in diameter and 36 to 60 in (91.44 to 152.4 cm) long is put a
cartridge containing a mixture of potassium perchlorate and charcoal with
an electric match. The other end is sealed by a metal disk weaker than the
shell and held in place by a cap that has holes at about 45 degrees to the
axis of the cylinder. The cylinder is filled with liquid carbon dioxide at
a pressure of 1,000 psi (6.9 MPa) and inserted in a borehole with the cap
holes pointing outward. The heating mixture is lit and raises the gas
pressure so that the disk is sheared; the carbon dioxide escaping through
the angular holes tends to hold the cylinder in place, and break and push
the coal forward. If the gas pressure is not enough to break the coal, the
cylinder, if not properly set, will be blown from the borehole. The
cylinder can be used over and over. It is claimed that a greater portion
of lump coal is obtained than with ordinary explosives. Some smelters
loosen slag in the same way. Hess
A method of classifying coals by determining the ratio that exists between
the carbon and hydrogen present in them. Thus, if a given coal contains
80% carbon and 5% hydrogen, the C/H ratio would be 80:5, or 16. Bituminous
coals have a C/H ratio between 14 and 17, and most anthracites have a
ratio between 24 and 29. Abbreviation: C/H ratio. See also:anthracite
Nelson
The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian periods combined, ranging from about
345 million years to about 280 million years ago; also, the corresponding
systems of rocks. In European usage, the Carboniferous is considered as a
single period and is divided into upper and lower parts. The Permian is
sometimes included. AGI
Carbonification is the process by which the vegetable substances of peat
were transformed in the partial absence of air and under the influence of
temperature and pressure throughout geological time into lignite and
subsequently into coal. See also:coalification
A process step wherein granular activated carbon particles much larger
than the ground ore particles are introduced into the ore pulp. Cyanide
leaching and precious metals adsorption onto the activated carbon occur
simultaneously. The loaded activated carbon is mechanically screened to
separate it from the barren ore pulp and processed to remove the precious
metals and prepare it for reuse. SME, 1
A precious metals leaching technique in which granular activated carbon
particles much larger than the ground ore particles are added to the
cyanidation pulp after the precious metals have been solubilized. The
activated carbon and pulp are agitated together to enable the solubilized
precious metals to become adsorbed onto the activated carbon. The loaded
activated carbon is mechanically screened to separate it from the barren
ore pulp and processed to remove the precious metals and prepare it for
reuse. SME, 1
a. A native coke, occurring at the Edgehill Mines, near Richmond, VA; it
is more compact than artificial coke and some varieties afford bitumen.
Fay
b. Coal altered by an igneous intrusion. Syn:cokeite
c. Fossil coal. Tomkeieff
d. Very brittle, black variety of bitumen, infusible and insoluble in
organic solvents, containing about 85% carbon and 6% hydrogen.
Tomkeieff
e. A permissible explosive. Fay
Introducing carbon and nitrogen into a solid ferrous alloy above AC (sub
1) in an atmosphere that contains suitable gases such as hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide, and ammonia. The carbonitrided alloy is usually
quench-hardened. ASM, 1
a. In the process of coalification, the accumulation of residual carbon by
the changes in organic matter and decomposition products.
See also:coalification
b. The accumulation of carbon by the slow, underwater decay of organic
matter. AGI
c. The conversion into carbon of a carbonceous substance such as coal by
driving off the other components, either by heat under laboratory
conditions or by natural processes. AGI
The reduction of a substance to carbon by subjecting it to intense heat in
a closed vessel. Crispin
Colorless; odorless; very toxic gas; CO; burns to carbon dioxide with a
blue flame. Formed as a product of the incomplete combustion of carbon
(such as in water gas and producer gas; in the exhaust gases from
internal-combustion engines, such as automotive; and in the gases from the
detonation of explosives). Used chiefly in the synthesis of carbonyls
(such as nickel carbonyl in the refining of nickel), phosgene, and many
organic compounds (such as hydrocarbons for fuels, methanol and higher
alcohols, aldehydes, and formates). This gas is formed during mine fires
and after explosions.
In diving, this type of accident usually occurs as a result of
contamination of the diver's air supply by exhaust gases from an
internal-combustion engine. Hunt
Trade name for kerosine.
Steel containing carbon up to about 2% and only residual quantities of
other elements except those added for deoxidation, with silicon usually
limited to 0.60% and manganese to about 1.65%. Also called plain carbon
steel; ordinary steel; straight carbon steel. ASM, 1
Carbon remains of plant life found in sedimentary strata and often
associated with uranium and red-bed copper mineralization.
Any coal microlithotype containing 5% to 20% by volume of iron disulfide
(pyrite and marcasite). AGI
Trade name for green, often iridescent, artificial carbon silicide, CSi.
Hexagonal-rhombohedral plates. It is produced in an electric furnace and
used as an abrasive and as a refractory material. Is useful for sharpening
tools. Identical with moissanite. See also:moissanite
Webster 2nd; English
In flotation, a method for treatment of various oxygen ores using
carboxylic acids as collectors with gangue depressants to float base-metal
minerals from associated impurities. The process is suitable for
processing apatite (phosphate), carbonates or oxides of lead, copper, or
zinc; somewhat less useful with other lead minerals and with hemimorphite;
and unsuitable for chrysocolla.
A black liquid, made from a bituminous ore, used for the protection of
steel surfaces during transport and storage. This fluid dries rapidly to a
hard gloss, which is resistant to acids, alkalies, moisture, sea air, and
temperatures up to 200 degrees C. Osborne