A pointed board or steel strap with a sharp edge, that is driven ahead in
loose ground for support purposes. See also:spile; spill.
Nelson
a. A method of advancing a mine working or tunnel in loose, caving, or
watery ground, such as quicksand, by driving sharp-pointed poles, timbers,
sections of steel, or slabs into the ground ahead of, or simultaneously
with, the excavating; a method of supporting a very weak roof. It is
useful in tunneling and in extracting coal from under shale or clay.
See also:close timbering; cribbing; poling; running ground. AGI
b. A method of securing loose ground by driving poles, planks, etc., ahead
of and on the top and sides of the timbers. See also:spile
Ballard
One of two or more heavy straight girders set over and in advance of the
last permanent support in a tunnel. They provide protection to the worker
until there is space to erect another support. Nelson
a. To set a prop under the fore or coal-face end of a bar. TIME
b. Timber set used at the working face for roof support. Also called force
piece. Pryor, 3
c. Temporary forward support; a middle prop under a bar. Mason
The first 150 ft (46 m) or so of shaft sinking from the surface, during
which time the plant and services for the main shaft sinking are
installed. Sometimes, the main sinking contract does not commence until
the foreshaft has been completed. Nelson
a. In coal mining, first or morning shift. Pryor, 3
b. Eng. The first shift of hewers (miners) who go into the mine from 2 to
3 h before the drivers and loaders. Fay
a. One of the initiating shocks preceding the principal earthquake.
Schieferdecker
b. An earthquake that precedes a larger earthquake within a fairly short
time interval (a few days or weeks), and which originates at or near the
focus of the larger earthquake. AGI
c. A small tremor that commonly precedes a larger earthquake or main shock
by an interval ranging from seconds to weeks and that originates at or
near the focus of the larger earthquake. CF:aftershock
a. A sight on a new survey point, taken in a forward direction and made in
order to determine its bearing and elevation. Also, a sight on a
previously established survey point, taken to close a circuit. AGI
b. A reading taken on a level rod to determine the elevation of the point
on which the rod rests. Syn:minus sight
AGI
A stake or mark placed by a responsible individual some distance in front
of a drill; used by a driller to point and line up a drill to drill a
borehole in a specific direction. Also called front hub.
See also:picket
See:landscape marble
Peat formed in forested swamps. Tomkeieff
Peat consisting mainly of the remains of trees that grew in low wet areas.
Francis, 1
Penalty incurred in accordance with governing laws and regulations when
mining concessions, claims leases, rights, are not adequately, safely, and
consistently developed and exploited. CF:abandonment
a. An open fireplace or hearth with forced draft, for heating iron, steel,
etc.; e.g., a blacksmith's forge. Standard, 2
b. A hearth or furnace for making wrought iron directly from ore; a
bloomery. Standard, 2
c. To form by heating in a forge and hammering; to beat into some
particular shape, as a mass of metal. Fay
d. A plant where forging is carried out. CTD
e. Eng. That part of an ironworks where balls are squeezed and hammered
and then drawn out into puddle bars by grooved rolls. Fay
The dross or slag from a forge. Fay
Pig iron used for the charge of a puddling furnace. Mersereau, 2
Pig iron suitable for the manufacture of wrought iron. CTD
One of the train of rolls by which a slab or bloom of metal is converted
into puddled bars. Fay
In iron puddling, the series of two pairs of rolls by means of which the
slab or bloom is converted into bars. Fay
A group of welding processes in which the parts to be joined are heated to
a plastic condition in a forge or other furnace and are welded together by
applying pressure or blows. Hammond
a. An appliance used in free-fall drilling that serves to hold up the
string of tools during connection and disconnection of the rods.
b. A double-pronged clip on a tub or wagon for the haulage rope or chain.
CTD
c. A two-pronged lever used to slide the flat belt from a powerdrive over
to an idler pulley (loose pulley). Pryor, 3
d. Corn. Bottom of a drainage sump. Pryor, 3
e. Derb. A piece of wood supporting the side of an excavation in soft
ground, esp. if it has a Y-shaped end. Fay
f. Scot. A tool used for changing buckets, or for loading lump coal.
g. To pump water out of a mine. A mine is said to be in fork, or a pump to
have the water in fork, when all the water is drawn out of the mine.
Webster 2nd